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According to Cloninger's model, type I alcoholics are thought to be innately vulnerable to anxiety and depression. In contrast, type II alcoholics are thought to have increased likelihood of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and reduced anxiety. However, allostatic activations of stress, anxiety, and dysphoria may be a common thread in alcohol use disorders (AUDs). Our aim was to find commonalities...
Several studies support an association between electroencephalogram (EEG) voltage and alcohol dependence. However, the distribution of EEG variants also appears to differ depending on an individual's ethnic heritage, suggesting significant genetic stratification of this EEG phenotype. The present study's aims were to investigate the incidence of EEG alpha variants and spectral power in the alpha frequency...
The purpose of the present study was to characterize cue-induced reinstatement of ethanol seeking in selectively bred Sardinian alcohol-preferring (sP) rats trained to lever press for ethanol in 30-min self-administration sessions. Four responses on an “active” lever led to presentation of 0.1ml of 15% (vol/vol) ethanol by a liquid dipper and concurrent activation of a set of discrete light and auditory...
Ethanol reinforcement should ideally be evaluated in animals that are not food deprived to ensure that the motivation behind its consumption is pharmacological, and not caloric, in nature. The objective of this work was to assess the influence of reinforcement schedule on ethanol intake in nondeprived mice. Male C57BL/6J mice were trained to respond on an ethanol-reinforced lever on a fixed ratio...
While appetitive reinforcement effects of ethanol are easily detected in rat neonates, such phenomena rarely have been observed in older infants. Recently, Molina et al. [Molina, J. C., Ponce L. F., Truxell, E., & Spear N. E. (2006). Infantile sensitivity to ethanol's motivational effects: ethanol reinforcement during the third postnatal week. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 30, 1506–1519] reported such...
Polymorphism of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2), denoted ALDH2*2, is far more common in East Asian countries. Acetaldehyde, an intermediate metabolite of ethanol, is metabolized very slowly in people who have ALDH2*2, as the mutated ALDH2 lacks acetaldehyde metabolizing activity. On the other hand, it is well established that metabolism of ethanol causes oxidative stress in liver tissue. To examine...
The impact of alcohol-induced suppression on hepatic gluconeogenesis (HGN) after chronic ethanol consumption between males and females is unknown. To determine the effects of chronic alcohol consumption (8 weeks) on HGN, the isolated hepatocyte technique was used on 24h fasted male and female Wistar rats. Livers were initially perfused with collagenase and the hepatocytes were isolated. Aliquots of...
The objective of this study was to determine if there are innate differences in gene expression in selected CNS regions between inbred alcohol-preferring (iP) and –non-preferring (iNP) rats. Gene expression was determined in the nucleus accumbens (ACB), amygdala (AMYG), frontal cortex (FC), caudate-putamen (CPU), and hippocampus (HIPP) of alcohol-naïve adult male iP and iNP rats, using Affymetrix...
We studied the effects of chronic alcohol intake on the disposition of alcohol and its metabolites in the rat. We used male Wistar rats for all of the experiments in this study. Using a pair-feeding process, rats were fed a liquid diet containing alcohol or without alcohol for 6 weeks. Ethanol solutions (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0g/kg body weight [BW]) were administered as a bolus, intravenously. We then...
The purpose of the present work was to investigate whether conversion of exogenous applied big-endothelin-1 (Big-ET-1) as well as the basal release and mRNA levels of endothelin-1 (ET-1) is altered by ethanol consumption in the rat carotid. The measurement of the contraction induced by Big-ET-1 served as an indicative of functional endothelin (ET)-converting enzyme (ECE) activity. Cumulative application...
The γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors (GABA A -Rs) display a wide variety of subunit combinations. Drugs such as benzodiazepines have shown differential effects based on GABA A -R subunit composition. Actions of alcohols and volatile anesthetics generally do not vary markedly with subunit composition, with low concentrations of ethanol being poor modulators of these receptors. Recent...
This review discusses evidence for and apparent controversy about, γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA A ) receptor (GABA A R) subtypes that mediate alcohol effects experienced during social drinking. GABA A Rs that contain the β3 and δ subunits were shown to be enhanced by alcohol concentrations that mirror the concentration dependence of alcohol responses in humans. A mutation...
Ethanol interactions with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, play key roles in acute intoxication. However, the exact mechanisms of these ethanol interactions have been the subject of considerable confusion and controversy. Many studies suggest that ethanol potentiates the function of the type A GABA receptor (GABA A -R). However, these findings...
Cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) receive inhibitory input from Golgi cells in the form of phasic and tonic currents that are mediated by postsynaptic and extrasynaptic γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA A ) receptors, respectively. Extrasynaptic receptors are thought to contain α 6 β x δ subunits. Here, we review studies on ethanol (EtOH) modulation of these receptors, which...
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the main chemical inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. In the central nervous system, it acts on two distinct types of receptor: an ion channel, that is, an “ionotropic” receptor permeable to Cl − and HCO 3− (GABA A receptors [GABA A Rs]) and a G-protein coupled “metabotropic” receptor that is linked to various effector mechanisms...
The inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has long been implicated in the anxiolytic, amnesic, and sedative behavioral effects of alcohol. A large number of studies have investigated the interactions of alcohol with GABA receptors. Many investigators have reported effects of “high concentrations” (50–100mM) of alcohol on GABA-mediated synaptic inhibition, but effects of the “low concentrations”...
In rodent models, γ-aminobutyric acid A (GABA A ) receptors with the α6 and δ subunits, expressed in the cerebellar and cochlear nucleus granule cells, have been linked to ethanol sensitivity and voluntary ethanol drinking. Here, we review the findings. When considering both in vivo contributions and data on cloned receptors, the evidence for direct participation of the α6-containing receptors...
Based on the similarity of ethanol intoxication to the behavioral effects of drugs known to target γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA A ) receptors (GABARs), it has been suspected for decades that ethanol facilitates the activity of GABA. Even so, it has been surprisingly difficult to identify molecular targets of ethanol. Research conducted over the past several years suggests that a subclass...
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